The present review is timely and provides a thorough appraisal of various aspects characterizing celiac disease. Remaining challenges include obtaining a better understanding of still-unclear phenotypes such as slow-responsive, potential (minimal lesions) and seronegative celiac disease. The identification of alternative or complementary treatments to the gluten-free diet brings hope for patients unavoidably burdened by diet restrictions.
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Mammalian endothelial cells are known to undergo dynamic changes under different stimuli. Cellular, molecular, and physical stimuli are the essential players that help ECs to acquire specialized functions. For most cell types, chemical signaling seems to play a pivotal role in cell physiology. Physical stimulation, such as shear stress, is one of the most important but underestimated physiological stimuli, which contributes to vascular ECs differentiation and maturation besides other cellular and molecular signaling. Akin to responses to inflammatory cytokines, shear stress has been shown to cause dramatic changes in ECs morphology [91], gene expression [92], and function [93]. Shear stress showed to induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO). NO is known to cause vasodilation, autocrine signaling, and also increase the production of free radicals. A study showed that ECs might scavenge free radicals by increasing levels of GAPDH and other intracellular enzymes [94]. Another study showed that NO might have a protective role in BBB during reperfusion after the transient loss of flow in a condition mimicking ischemic stroke [95]. 2ff7e9595c
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