The use of open wedge high tibial osteotomy (HTO) to correct varus deformity of the knee is well established. However, the stability of the various implants used in this procedure has not been previously demonstrated. In this study, the two most common types of plates were analysed (1) the Puddu plates that use the dynamic compression plate (DCP) concept, and (2) the Tomofix plate that uses the locking compression plate (LCP) concept. Three dimensional model of the tibia was reconstructed from computed tomography images obtained from the Medical Implant Technology Group datasets. Osteotomy and fixation models were simulated through computational processing. Simulated loading was applied at 60:40 ratios on the medial:lateral aspect during single limb stance. The model was fixed distally in all degrees of freedom. Simulated data generated from the micromotions, displacement and, implant stress were captured. At the prescribed loads, a higher displacement of 3.25 mm was observed for the Puddu plate model (p
2GAT123 is a fictional license plate number that has appeared in a number of television shows and movies. It is used to prevent difficulties for a real person who might coincidentally have the same license plate number as one appearing in a movie.
Coincidently, Plate 2
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The number almost always appears on a California license plate and is characteristic of the numbering scheme used by the California Department of Motor Vehicles, which began using the "1ABC123" numbering format for automobiles in the mid-1980s, replacing the exhausted "123 ABC" series. Plates in the 2GAT series would have been issued in mid-1987. At that time, California was issuing license plates on the "Golden State" base rather than the current "Script" base. "Golden State" California license plates were available as an alternate option to the previous yellow-on-blue since 1982. They were issued with plate numbers from 2AAA000 to 2GPZ999.[1] Another commonly used fictional California license plate, 2FAN321, also would have been issued on a "Golden State" base in 1987.
GAT, like SAM and FAN, is a three-letter combination not used by the California Department of Motor Vehicles. In addition, the California Department of Motor Vehicles does not use the letter "I", "O", or "Q" in the first or third position of the three-letter combination.[2] However, prop California license plates seen in television shows and movies frequently do.
Prop California license plates are frequently reused on vehicles in different television shows and movies. They are sometimes reused on different vehicles in different episodes of the same television series. Most prop license plates are in the 2, 3, and 4-series, but they are often used on new vehicles that would be issued a 5 or 6 series license number.
He explains that the plates are labeled to identify the telescope used, specific plate number taken on that particular telescope and the observer of record. In this case, the two plates in the exhibit, H335H and H348H, are the 335th and 348th taken on the Hooker 100-inch telescope (indicated by the first H) by Hubble (indicated by the last H).
Suntzeff says that the H348H plate is especially interesting because it is part of the series that Hubble took late that same year through which he discovered a Cepheid variable in the Andromeda Nebula, now known as the Andromeda Galaxy. He adds that the actual discovery apparently was done using plate H335H by Hubble that was taken two months earlier.
For distal tibial fractures treatment, IMN might be advantageous over plate with lower SI incidence, and comparable UT, OT and HT. Meanwhile, IMN was related to higher risk of malunion. However, more RCTs are warranted.
Plate tectonics determines the location of oil and gas reservoirs and is the best key we have to understanding why deserts and arctic areas seem to hold the largest hydrocarbon reserves on earth. But there are other important locations of large reserves: river deltas and continental margins offshore. Together, these four types of areas hold most of the oil and gas in the world today.Oil and gas result mostly from the rapid burial of dead microorganisms in environments where oxygen is so scarce that they do not decompose. This lack of oxygen enables them to maintain their hydrogen-carbon bonds, a necessary ingredient for the production of oil and gas. Newly developing ocean basins, formed by plate tectonics and continental rifting, provide just the right conditions for rapid burial in anoxic waters. Rivers rapidly fill these basins with sediments carrying abundant organic remains. Because the basins have constricted water circulation, they also have lower oxygen levels than the open ocean. For instance, the Gulf of California, an ocean basin in development, is making new oil and gas in real time today. The Gulf of Mexico is also a great example of new oil and gas formation in a restricted circulation environment (see image at right above). The same plate tectonics that provides the locations and conditions for anoxic burial is also responsible for the geologic paths that these sedimentary basins subsequently take. Continental drift, subduction and collision with other continents provide the movement from swamps, river deltas and mild climates--where most organics are deposited--to the poles and deserts, where they have ended up today by coincidence. In fact, the Libyan Sahara Desert contains unmistakable glacial scars and Antarctica has extensive coal deposits--and very likely abundant oil and gas--that establish that their plates were once at the other ends of the earth (see image at right). Plate tectonics is also responsible for creating the "pressure cooker" that slowly matures the organics into oil and gas. This process usually takes millions of years, giving the oil and gas deposits plenty of time to migrate around the globe on the back of plate movements. Because these hydrocarbons are much more buoyant than water, they eventually force their way to the surface. Alternatively, rifting, collisions between land masses, and other tectonic forces can free the mature oil and gas from deep within sedimentary basins and then trap these organic fluids in reservoirs before they escape to the earth's surface. We know these reservoirs as oil and gas fields. Rights & PermissionsRead This NextMedicineNew COVID Antiviral Cuts Hospitalizations in HalfSimon Makin
Directed differentiation and purification of mesencephalic dopaminergic(mesDA) neurons from stem cells are crucial issues for realizing safe and efficient cell transplantation therapies for Parkinson's disease. Although recent studies have identified the factors that regulate mesDA neuron development, the mechanisms underlying mesDA neuron specification are not fully understood. Recently, it has been suggested that mesencephalic floor plate (FP) cells acquire neural progenitor characteristics to generate mesDA neurons. Here, we directly examined this in a fate mapping experiment using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) with an FP cell-specific surface marker, and demonstrate that mesencephalic FP cells have neurogenic activity and generate mesDA neurons in vitro. By contrast, sorted caudal FP cells have no neurogenic potential, as previously thought. Analysis of dreher mutant mice carrying a mutation in the Lmx1a locus and transgenic mice ectopically expressing Otx2 in caudal FP cells demonstrated that Otx2 determines anterior identity that confers neurogenic activity to FP cells and specifies a mesDA fate, at least in part through the induction of Lmx1a. We further show that FACS can isolate mesDA progenitors, a suitable transplantation material, from embryonic stem cell-derived neural cells. Our data provide insights into the mechanisms of specification and generation of mesDA neurons, and illustrate a useful cell replacement approach for Parkinson's disease.
The ventralmost (V) region, including mesDA neurons and the basal plate(BP) region, were dissected from an embryonic day 12.5 (E12.5) mouse mesencephalon. Subtractive PCR was performed as described previously(Osada et al., 2005) using the V region as a tester and the BP region as a driver.
pFP was constructed by ligating the SV40 poly(A) signal and the genomic fragments for the floor plate-specific enhancer (SFPE1) and promoter of Shh gene (Epstein et al.,1999) into the pSP73 vector (Promega). Myc-Otx2, Lmx1a,Mash1 and IRES-Lmx1a cDNAs were cloned into the pFP vector. Linearized pFP constructs were injected into fertilized eggs and transgenic embryos were collected at E11.5 or 12.5. Embryos were genotyped by PCR. The sequences of primers used for construction and genotyping are available upon request.
Ventral mesencephalons were dissected from E13.5 rat embryos or E9.75 mouse embryos and dissociated using Accumax (Chemicon). Cell suspensions were labeled with anti-Corin monoclonal antibody and PE-labeled anti-hamster secondary antibody (BD Bioscience). Cell sorting was performed on a FACS Aria(BD Bioscience). Sorted cells were plated on a glass chamber coated with poly-l-ornithine, laminin and fibronectin and cultured in DMEM/F12 supplemented with N2 (Invitrogen), 20 ng/ml brain-derived growth factor (BDNF;R&D systems), 200 nM ascorbic acid and either 5-10% KSR (Invitrogen) (for rat cells) or B27 supplement (Invitrogen) (for mouse cells). Cells were fixed with 2% paraformaldehyde and immunostained as described(Nakatani et al., 2004).
At E12.5, Lmx1a was selectively expressed in the roof plate and the ventral midline region where mesDA neurons emerged, as has been reported(Fig. 1A)(Andersson et al., 2006b). Double immunostaining revealed that virtually all neurons positive for tyrosine hydroxylase (Th) and other known mesDA neuron-selective transcription factors expressed Lmx1a (Fig. 1B-E and see Fig. S1 in the supplementary material). Importantly,virtually all the Lmx1a+ cells in the mantle layer (ML)co-expressed Lmx1b and Nurr1 (Fig. 1C,D and see Fig. S1 in the supplementary material), suggesting that at this stage, Lmx1a+ precursors arising from the ventral midline regions only differentiate into mesDA neurons. 2ff7e9595c
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